<text><span class="style42"></span><span class="style12">COLOMBIA</span><span class="style14"></span><span class="style42">Official name: </span><span class="style13">La República de Colombia (The Republic of Colombia)</span><span class="style42">Member of: </span><span class="style13">UN, OAS, ALADI, Andean Pact</span><span class="style42">Area: </span><span class="style13">1141748 km2 (440831 sq mi)</span><span class="style42">Population: </span><span class="style13">33952000 (1993 est)</span><span class="style42">Capital: </span><span class="style13">(Santa Fé de) Bogotá 5026000 (including suburbs; 1992 est)</span><span class="style42">Other major cities: </span><span class="style13">Medellín 2121000 (city 1595000), Cali 1657000, Barranquilla 1034000, Cartagena 707000 (city 688000) (all including suburbs; 1992 est)</span><span class="style42">Languages: </span><span class="style13">Spanish (official; 99%), over 150 Indian languages</span><span class="style42">Religion: </span><span class="style13">Roman Catholic (official; 93%)</span><span class="style42">GOVERNMENT</span><span class="style13">A President (who appoints a Cabinet of 13 members), a Senate of 102 members and a House of Representatives of 161 members are elected for a four-year term by universal adult suffrage.</span><span class="style42">GEOGRAPHY</span><span class="style13">The Andes run north to south through Colombia, reaching their highest point in the country at Pico Cristóbal Colón (5775 m / 18 947 ft). The greater part of Colombia lies east of the Andes in the mainly treeless grassland plains of the Llanos and the tropical Amazonian rain forest. A coastal plain lies to the west of the mountains. </span><span class="style42">Climate: </span><span class="style13">The lower Andes are temperate; the mountains over 4000 m (13 100 ft) experience perpetual snow. The rest of the country is tropical. The coasts and the Amazonian Basin are hot and humid, with heavy rainfall. The Llanos have a savannah climate.</span><span class="style42">ECONOMY</span><span class="style13">Colombian coffee is the backbone of the country’s exports; other cash crops include bananas, sugar cane, flowers and tobacco. However, profits from the illegal cultivation and export of marijuana and cocaine probably produce the greatest revenue. Mineral resources include iron ore, silver, coal, petroleum and natural gas. The main industries are food processing, petroleum refining, fertilizers, cement, textiles, clothing, and iron and steel. </span><span class="style42">Currency: </span><span class="style13">Colombian peso.</span><span class="style42">HISTORY</span><span class="style13">The Spanish reached Colombia’s north coast in 1500, and founded their first settlement in 1525. Meeting little resistance from the Indians, the conquistadores advanced inland reaching Bogotá in 1538. In 1718 the Viceroyalty of Nueva Granada was established at Bogotá. The struggle for independence from Spain (1809–19) was fierce and bloody. Almost from that time, the centralizing pro-clerical Conservatives and the federalizing anti-clerical Liberals have struggled for control leading to civil wars (1899–1902 and 1948–57) in which 400000 people died. From 1957 to 1974 there were agreements between the Liberals and Conservatives to protect a fragile democracy threatened by left-wing guerrillas and right-wing death squads. In the early 1990s, a combination of security measures and amnesties curbed the activities of powerful drug-trafficking cartels, and left-wing guerrillas abandoned their armed struggle in favor of legitimate political activity.# Although the infamous Medellín drugs cartel was curtailed in the early 1990s, a new drugs cartel has risen to take its place in Cali.</span></text>